Hanover Bancorp, Inc

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM

10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission File No. 001-41384

HANOVER BANCORP, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

New York	81-3324480
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

80 East Jericho Turnpike, Mineola, NY 11501

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(516) 548-8500

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	HNVR	NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.


Common Stock, $0.01 par value		7,187,546 Shares
(Title of Class)		(Outstanding as of January 31, 2023)

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HANOVER BANCORP, INC.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended December 31, 2022

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		Page
	PART I

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3

	Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2022 (unaudited) and September 30, 2022	3

	Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	4

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	5

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended Dember 31, 2022 and 2021	6

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	7

	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	8

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	38

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	38

	PART II

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	39

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	39

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	39

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	39

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	39

Item 5.	Other Information	39

Item 6.	Exhibits	40

	Signatures	41

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PART I

ITEM 1. – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

HANOVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits due from banks	$	9,490	$	9,934
Interest-bearing deposits due from banks		142,349		139,559
Federal funds sold		459		454
Total cash and cash equivalents		152,298		149,947
Securities:
Held to maturity (fair value of $4,066 and $4,095, respectively)		4,336		4,414
Available for sale, at fair value		12,151		12,285
Total securities		16,487		16,699
Loans held for investment		1,746,810		1,623,531
Allowance for loan losses		(14,404)		(12,844)
Loans held for investment, net		1,732,406		1,610,687
Premises and equipment, net		14,886		14,462
Operating lease assets		11,409		—
Accrued interest receivable		9,530		8,546
Prepaid pension		3,456		3,444
Stock in Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), at cost		12,199		6,280
Goodwill		19,168		19,168
Other intangible assets		381		399
Loan servicing rights		4,402		4,353
Deferred income taxes		2,574		2,508
Other assets		4,496		3,565
TOTAL ASSETS	$	1,983,692	$	1,840,058
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing demand	$	199,556	$	219,225
Savings, NOW and money market		928,838		969,808
Time		389,256		339,073
Total deposits		1,517,650		1,528,106
Borrowings		238,273		101,752
Subordinated debentures		24,581		24,568
Operating lease liabilities		12,063		—
Accrued interest payable		842		915
Other liabilities		12,655		12,133
TOTAL LIABILITIES		1,806,064		1,667,474
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES		—		—
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, Series A (par value $0.01; 15,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding 150,000 and none, respectively)		2,963		—
Common stock (par value $0.01; 17,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding 7,149,000 and 7,285,648, respectively)		71		73
Surplus		124,235		126,656
Retained earnings		51,074		46,475
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(715)		(620)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY		177,628		172,584
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	$	1,983,692	$	1,840,058

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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HANOVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)


	Three Months Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
INTEREST INCOME
Loans	$	21,979	$	16,381
Taxable securities		212		154
Other interest income		381		81
Total interest income		22,572		16,616
INTEREST EXPENSE
Savings, NOW and money market deposits		4,764		366
Time deposits		1,547		491
Borrowings		997		490
Total interest expense		7,308		1,347
Net interest income		15,264		15,269
Provision for loan losses		1,500		900
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		13,764		14,369
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Loan servicing and fee income		678		690
Service charges on deposit accounts		63		63
Gain on sale of loans held-for-sale		578		1,492
Other income		92		130
Total non-interest income		1,411		2,375
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits		4,332		4,939
Occupancy and equipment		1,477		1,413
Data processing		418		366
Advertising and promotion		150		33
Professional fees		683		499
Other expenses		1,211		1,014
Total non-interest expense		8,271		8,264
Income before income tax expense		6,904		8,480
Income tax expense		1,566		1,943
NET INCOME	$	5,338	$	6,537
Earnings per share:
BASIC	$	0.73	$	1.18
DILUTED	$	0.72	$	1.16

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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HANOVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in thousands)


	Three Months Ended
	December 31,
	2022		2021
Net income	$	5,338	$	6,537
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Change in unrealized (loss) gain on securities available for sale arising during the period, net of tax of ($27) and $18, respectively		(95)		54
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		(95)		54
Total comprehensive income, net of tax	$	5,243	$	6,591

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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HANOVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)


	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
	Common									Accumulated Other		Total
	Stock	Preferred		Common				Retained		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	(Shares)	Stock		Stock		Surplus		Earnings		Loss, Net		Equity
Beginning balance as of October 1, 2022	7,285,648	$	—	$	73	$	126,656	$	46,475	$	(620)	$	172,584
Net income	—		—		—		—		5,338		—		5,338
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		—		—		(95)		(95)
Cash dividends declared ($0.10 per share)	—		—		—		—		(739)		—		(739)
Stock-based compensation	3,000		—		—		439		—		—		439
Shares received related to tax withholding	(262)		—		—		(5)		—		—		(5)
Preferred stock issued in exchange for common stock	(150,000)		2,963		(2)		(2,961)		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	10,614		—		—		106		—		—		106
Ending balance as of December 31, 2022	7,149,000	$	2,963	$	71	$	124,235	$	51,074	$	(715)	$	177,628


	Three Months Ended December 31, 2021
	Common									Accumulated Other		Total
	Stock	Preferred		Common				Retained		Comprehensive		Stockholders’
	(Shares)	Stock		Stock		Surplus		Earnings		Income, Net		Equity
Beginning balance as of October 1, 2021	5,563,426	$	—	$	56	$	97,246	$	24,971	$	256	$	122,529
Net income	—		—		—		—		6,537		—		6,537
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		—		—		54		54
Issuance of common stock in lieu of directors' fees	2,384		—		—		42		—		—		42
Stock-based compensation, net	(3,011)		—		—		217		—		—		217
Ending balance as of December 31, 2021	5,562,799	$	—	$	56	$	97,505	$	31,508	$	310	$	129,379

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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HANOVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(Dollars in thousands)


	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	5,338	$	6,537
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses		1,500		900
Depreciation and amortization		421		397
Stock-based compensation		439		217
Net gain on sale of loans held-for-sale		(578)		(1,492)
Net accretion of premiums, discounts and loan fees and costs		(154)		(1,640)
Net change in operating leases		654		—
Amortization of intangible assets		18		21
Amortization of debt issuance costs		13		22
Loan servicing rights valuation adjustments		87		117
Deferred tax (benefit) expense		(35)		526
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable		(984)		505
Increase in other assets		(1,083)		(597)
Decrease in accrued interest payable		(73)		(411)
Increase in other liabilities		512		1,399
Net cash provided by operating activities		6,075		6,501
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of restricted securities		(14,570)		(1,081)
Principal repayments of securities held to maturity		77		3,775
Principal repayments of securities available-for-sale		12		275
Redemptions of restricted securities		8,651		738
Proceeds from sales of loans		8,625		36,704
Net increase in loans		(131,310)		(64,330)
Purchases of premises and equipment		(845)		(289)
Net cash used in investing activities		(129,360)		(24,208)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net (decrease) increase in deposits		(10,302)		12,437
Advances of term and overnight borrowings		137,000		20,000
Repayments of FHLB advances		—		(14,000)
Repayments of Federal Reserve Bank borrowings		(434)		(52,323)
Payments related to tax withholding for equity awards		(5)		—
Cash dividends paid		(729)		—
Exercise of stock options		106		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		125,636		(33,886)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		2,351		(51,593)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		149,947		166,544
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	152,298	$	114,951
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	7,381	$	1,758
Income taxes paid		51		—
Supplemental non-cash disclosure:
Transfers from portfolio loans to loans held-for-sale	$	8,047	$	35,212
Preferred stock issued in exchange for common stock		2,963		—

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION, RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES, ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENTS

Hanover Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), is a New York corporation which is the holding company for Hanover Community Bank (the “Bank”). The Bank, headquartered in Mineola, New York, is a New York State chartered bank. The Bank commenced operations on November 4, 2008 and is a full-service bank providing personal and business lending and deposit services. As a New York State chartered, non-Federal Reserve member bank, the Bank is subject to regulation by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“DFS”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). The Company is subject to regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”).

Basis of Presentation

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the preceding unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting of normal accruals, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2022, its consolidated statements of income for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, its consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, its consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and its consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

In addition, the preceding unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X, as well as in accordance with predominant practices within the banking industry. They do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the remainder of the year. The unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to the Company include the Company and the Bank on a consolidated basis.

Risks and Uncertainties

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a global pandemic. The outbreak caused significant disruptions to the economy and disrupted banking and other financial activity in the areas in which the Company operates. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on the Company, its clients and the communities it serves. It is possible that there will be continued material adverse impact to the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in future periods. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of an increase in the allowance for loan losses, valuation impairments on our investments or deferred tax assets. Although state and local governments have lifted most restrictions on conducting business, it is possible that restrictions could be reimposed.

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Accounting Policies

Allowance for Loan Losses – The Company considers the determination of the allowance for loan losses its most critical accounting policy, practice, and use of estimates. The Company uses available information to recognize probable and reasonably estimable losses on loans. Future additions to the allowance may be necessary based upon changes in economic, market or other conditions. Changes in estimates could result in a material change in the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses charged against income and is decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loan losses are recognized in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible. The adequacy of the allowance to cover any inherent loan losses in the portfolio is evaluated on a quarterly basis.

Loans and Loan Interest Income Recognition - Loans that the Company has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff, are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs and an allowance for loan losses. The loan portfolio is segmented into residential real estate, multi-family, commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, construction and land development, and consumer loans.

Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to income as earned. Net loan origination fees and costs are deferred and accreted/amortized to interest income over the loan’s contractual life using the level-yield method, adjusted for actual prepayments.

Loans that are acquired are initially recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. After acquisition, losses are recognized through the allowance for loan losses. Determining the fair value of the loans involves estimating the amount and timing of expected principal and interest cash flows to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market interest rate. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company had loans totaling $1.2 million, which at the time of acquisition, showed evidence of credit deterioration since origination.

Loans Held for Sale - Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Periodically, the Company originates various residential mortgage loans for sale to investors generally on a servicing released basis. The sale of such loans is generally arranged through a master commitment on a best-efforts basis. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings. Premiums, discounts, origination fees and costs on loans held for sale are deferred and recognized as a component of the gain or loss on sale. Gains and losses on sales of loans held for sale are included in other income, recognized on settlement date and are determined to be the difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying value of the loans. These transactions are accounted for as sales based on satisfaction of the criteria for such accounting which provides that, as transferor, the Company has surrendered control of the loans.

For liquidity purposes generally, there are instances when loans originated with the intent to hold in the portfolio are subsequently transferred to loans held for sale. At transfer, they are carried at the lower of cost or fair value.

Series A Preferred Stock - Holders of the Company’s Series A preferred stock will be entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, in the same per share amount as the common stockholders. No dividends will be payable on the common stock unless a dividend identical to that paid on the common stock is payable at the same time on the Series A preferred stock, therefore Series A preferred stock is treated as common stock for EPS calculations. Series A preferred stock has no voting rights. In the event of a dissolution of the Company, the Series A preferred stock is entitled to the payment of any declared and unpaid dividend, and then will share in dissolution proceeds, if any, with the shares of common stock.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016 02, Leases (Topic 842). The FASB amended existing guidance that requires lessees recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (1) A lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (2) A right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Under the new guidance, lessor accounting is largely unchanged. The new guidance also requires enhanced disclosure about an entity’s leasing arrangements. The Company adopted Topic 842 using the transition approach of applying the new leases standard at the beginning of the period of adoption on October 1, 2022. The new guidance includes a number of optional transition-related practical expedients that must be elected as a package and applied by a reporting entity to all of its leases consistently. The Company has elected to apply the package of practical expedients to all its existing leases, which among other things, allowed the Company to carry forward the historical lease classification as operating leases in accordance with previous GAAP. The effect of adopting this standard in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition was a $10 million increase in operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities as of October 1, 2022.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments introduce an impairment model that is based on current expected credit losses (“CECL”), rather than incurred losses, to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments (i.e. loans and held to maturity securities), including certain off-balance sheet financial instruments (i.e. commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit that are not unconditionally cancellable). The CECL standard should consider historical information, current information, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments, over the contractual term. An entity must use judgment in determining the relevant information and estimation methods that are appropriate in its circumstances. Financial instruments with similar risk characteristics may be grouped together when estimating credit losses. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination that are measured at amortized cost basis is determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured at amortized cost basis; however, the initial estimate of expected credit loss would be recognized through an allowance for credit losses with an offset (i.e. increase) to the purchase price at acquisition. Only subsequent changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for loan losses for these assets. The ASU also amends the current available for sale security impairment model for debt securities whereby credit losses relating to available for sale debt securities should be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The amendments will be applied through a modified retrospective approach, resulting in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. As the Company is a smaller-reporting company under SEC regulations, the Company will adopt CECL on October 1, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The ASU made certain targeted amendments specific to troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) by creditors and vintage disclosure related to gross write-offs. Upon adoption, the Company will be required to apply the loan and refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs. The ASU also requires companies to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within scope of Subtopic 326-20. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for entities that have adopted ASU 2016-13, otherwise effective date is the same as ASU 2016-13. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-13 effective October 1, 2023 and will simultaneously implement ASU 2022-02.

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2. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The two-class method is used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The restricted stock awards granted by the Company contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends and therefore are considered participating securities.

The Company’s basic and diluted EPS calculations for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 follows. There were no stock options that were antidilutive for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.


	Three Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)	2022		2021

Net income available to common stockholders	$	5,338	$	6,537
Less: Dividends paid and earnings allocated to participating securities		(208)		(87)
Income attributable to common stock	$	5,130	$	6,450
Weighted average common shares outstanding, including participating securities		7,292,940		5,562,939
Less: Weighted average participating securities		(284,027)		(74,455)
Weighted average common shares outstanding		7,008,913		5,488,484
Basic EPS	$	0.73	$	1.18

Income attributable to common stock	$	5,130	$	6,450
Weighted average common shares outstanding		7,008,913		5,488,484
Weighted average common equivalent shares outstanding		94,998		95,489
Weighted average common and equivalent shares outstanding		7,103,911		5,583,973
Diluted EPS	$	0.72	$	1.16

3. SECURITIES

At the time of purchase of a security, the Company designates the security as either available for sale or held to maturity, depending upon investment objectives, liquidity needs and intent.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income:


	December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized		Gross Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	363	$	—	$	(115)	$	248
Corporate bonds		12,700		—		(797)		11,903
Total available for sale securities	$	13,063	$	—	$	(912)	$	12,151

Held to maturity:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	1,714	$	—	$	(126)	$	1,588
U.S. GSE commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,622		—		(144)		2,478
Total held to maturity securities		4,336		—		(270)		4,066
Total investment securities	$	17,399	$	—	$	(1,182)	$	16,217

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	September 30, 2022
			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized
(in thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses		Fair Value
Available for sale:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	375	$	—	$	(133)	$	242
Corporate bonds		12,700		—		(657)		12,043
Total available for sale securities	$	13,075	$	—	$	(790)	$	12,285

Held to maturity:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	1,778	$	—	$	(160)	$	1,618
U.S. GSE commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,636		—		(159)		2,477
Total held to maturity securities		4,414		—		(319)		4,095
Total investment securities	$	17,489	$	—	$	(1,109)	$	16,380

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single date are shown separately.


	December 31, 2022
	Amortized		Fair
(in thousands)	Cost		Value
Securities available for sale:
Five to ten years	$	12,700	$	11,903
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities		363		248
Total securities available for sale		13,063		12,151
Securities held to maturity:
One to five years		—		—
Five to ten years		—		—
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities		1,714		1,588
U.S. GSE commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,622		2,478
Total securities held to maturity		4,336		4,066
Total investment securities	$	17,399	$	16,217

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, investment securities with a carrying amount of $1.8 million were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

There were no sales of securities for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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The following tables summarize gross unrealized losses and fair values of investment securities aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.


	December 31, 2022
	Less than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Longer				Total
			Gross				Gross					Gross
			Unrealized				Unrealized		Number of			Unrealized
(in thousands, except number of securities)	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Securities	Fair Value		Losses
Available-for-sale:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	147	$	(107)	$	101	$	(8)	5	$	248	$	(115)
Corporate bonds		10,703		(797)		—		—	6		10,703		(797)
Total available-for-sale	$	10,850	$	(904)	$	101	$	(8)	11	$	10,951	$	(912)
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	1,588	$	(126)	$	—	$	—	4	$	1,588	$	(126)
U.S. GSE commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,478		(144)		—		—	1		2,478		(144)
Total held-to-maturity	$	4,066	$	(270)	$	—	$	—	5	$	4,066	$	(270)


	September 30, 2022
	Less than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Longer				Total
			Gross				Gross					Gross
			Unrealized				Unrealized		Number of			Unrealized
(in thousands, except number of securities)	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Securities	Fair Value		Losses
Available-for-sale:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	152	$	(126)	$	90	$	(7)	6	$	242	$	(133)
Corporate bonds		10,843		(657)		—		—	6		10,843		(657)
Total available-for-sale	$	10,995	$	(783)	$	90	$	(7)	12	$	11,085	$	(790)
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	1,618	$	(160)	$	—	$	—	4	$	1,618	$	(160)
U.S. GSE commercial mortgage-backed securities		2,477		(159)		—		—	1		2,477		(159)
Total held-to-maturity	$	4,095	$	(319)	$	—	$	—	5	$	4,095	$	(319)

There was no other than temporary impairment loss recognized on any securities at December 31, 2022 or September 30, 2022.

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4. LOANS

The following table sets forth the classification of the Company’s loans by loan portfolio segment for the periods presented.


	December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
(in thousands)
Residential real estate	$	574,858	$	515,316
Multi-family		589,846		574,413
Commercial real estate		517,371		472,511
Commercial and industrial		45,598		45,758
Construction and land development		15,457		12,871
Consumer		118		22
Gross loans		1,743,248		1,620,891
Net deferred loan fees and costs		3,562		2,640
Total loans		1,746,810		1,623,531
Allowance for loan losses		(14,404)		(12,844)
Total loans, net	$	1,732,406	$	1,610,687

The Company was a participant in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), administered by the Small Business Administration under the CARES Act, to provide guaranteed loans to qualifying businesses and organizations. These loans carry a fixed rate of 1.00% and a term of two years (loans made before June 5, 2020, subject to extension to five years with the consent of the lender) or five years (loans made on or after June 5, 2020), if not forgiven, in whole or in part. As of December 31, 2022, borrowers had received forgiveness or had made payments on $357.1 million in PPP loans. The Company’s PPP loans outstanding, included in commercial and industrial loans in the table above, totaled $9.0 million and $10.2 million at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively.

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company was servicing approximately $250.0 million and $246.0 million, respectively, of loans for others. The Company had no loans held for sale at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.

Purchased Credit Impaired Loans

The Company has purchased loans, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount for those loans is as follows:


	December 31, 2022		September 30, 2022
(in thousands)
Commercial real estate	$	586	$	602
Commercial and industrial		616		629
Total recorded investment	$	1,202	$	1,231

The Company has recorded an allowance for loan losses of $50 thousand related to these loans at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.

For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company sold loans totaling approximately $8.0 million and $35.2 million, respectively, recognizing net gains of $578 thousand and $1.5 million, respectively.

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The following summarizes the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the periods indicated:


	Three Months Ended December 31, 2022
							Commercial		Construction
	Residential		Multi-		Commercial		and		and Land
	Real Estate		Family		Real Estate		Industrial		Development		Consumer
	Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Total
(in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	3,951	$	4,308	$	3,707	$	761	$	115	$	2	$	12,844
Charge-offs		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Recoveries		—		—		—		60		—		—		60
Provision (credit) for loan losses		557		1,389		(473)		31		(11)		7		1,500
Ending Balance	$	4,508	$	5,697	$	3,234	$	852	$	104	$	9	$	14,404


	Three Months Ended December 31, 2021
							Commercial		Construction
	Residential		Multi-		Commercial		and		and Land
	Real Estate		Family		Real Estate		Industrial		Development		Consumer
	Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Loans		Total
(in thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,155	$	2,433	$	1,884	$	79	$	—	$	1	$	8,552
Charge-offs		—		(66)		—		—		—		—		(66)
Recovories		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Provision (credit) for loan losses		(40)		201		634		105		—		—		900
Ending balance	$	4,115	$	2,568	$	2,518	$	184	$	—	$	1	$	9,386

The following table represents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment based on impairment evaluation method. The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable due to immateriality.


	December 31, 2022
							Commercial		Construction
	Residential		Multi-		Commercial		and		and Land
(in thousands)	Real Estate		Family		Real Estate		Industrial		Development		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment		4,508		5,697		3,234		802		104		9		14,354
Purchased-credit impaired		—		—		—		50		—		—		50
Total allowance for loan losses	$	4,508	$	5,697	$	3,234	$	852	$	104	$	9	$	14,404
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	3,734	$	2,349	$	5,883	$	401	$	—	$	—	$	12,367
Collectively evaluated for impairment		572,785		588,181		511,486		45,145		15,487		157		1,733,241
Purchased-credit impaired		—		—		586		616		—		—		1,202
Total loans held for investment	$	576,519	$	590,530	$	517,955	$	46,162	$	15,487	$	157	$	1,746,810

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	September 30, 2022
							Commercial		Construction
	Residential		Multi-		Commercial		and			and Land
(in thousands)	Real Estate		Family		Real Estate		Industrial		Development		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Collectively evaluated for impairment		3,951		4,308		3,707		711		115		2		12,794
Purchased-credit impaired		—		—		—		50		—		—		50
Total allowance for loan losses	$	3,951	$	4,308	$	3,707	$	761	$	115	$	2	$	12,844
Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	5,392	$	2,348	$	5,875	$	907	$	—	$	—	$	14,522
Collectively evaluated for impairment		510,866		572,713		466,507		44,749		12,907		36		1,607,778
Purchased-credit impaired		—		—		602		629		—		—		1,231
Total loans held for investment	$	516,258	$	575,061	$	472,984	$	46,285	$	12,907	$	36	$	1,623,531

The following presents information related to the Company’s impaired loans by portfolio segment for the periods shown.


	December 31, 2022						September 30, 2022
	Unpaid						Unpaid
	Principal		Recorded		Allowance		Principal		Recorded		Allowance
(in thousands)	Balance		Investment		Allocated		Balance		Investment		Allocated
With no related allowance recorded:
Residential real estate	$	3,736	$	3,734	$	—	$	5,394	$	5,392	$	—
Multi-family		2,349		2,349		—		2,348		2,348		—
Commercial real estate		5,958		5,883		—		5,950		5,875		—
Commercial and industrial		420		401		—		908		907		—
Total	$	12,463	$	12,367	$	—	$	14,600	$	14,522	$	—


	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2022				2021
	Average		Interest		Average		Interest
	Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income
(in thousands)	Investment		Recognized⁽¹⁾		Investment		Recognized⁽¹⁾
Residential real estate	$	3,733	$	24	$	6,347	$	20
Multi-family		2,346		2		440		—
Commercial real estate		5,883		—		520		—
Commercial and industrial		468		23		481		—
Total	$	12,430	$	49	$	7,788	$	20

(1)	Accrual basis interest income recognized approximates cash basis income.

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, past due and non-accrual loans disaggregated by portfolio segment were as follows:


(in thousands)	Past Due and Non-Accrual
	30 - 59		60 - 89		Greater than				Total past		Purchased
	Days		Days		89 Days				due and		Credit				Total
December 31, 2022	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Non-accrual		Non-accrual		Impaired⁽¹⁾		Current		Loans
Residential real estate	$	2,676	$	—	$	—	$	1,963	$	4,639	$	—	$	571,880	$	576,519
Multi-family		—		—		—		2,349		2,349		—		588,181		590,530
Commercial real estate		305		—		—		5,883		6,188		586		511,181		517,955
Commercial and industrial		136		—		—		401		537		616		45,009		46,162
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—		—		—		15,487		15,487
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—		157		157
Total	$	3,117	$	—	$	—	$	10,596	$	13,713	$	1,202	$	1,731,895	$	1,746,810

(1)	Purchased credit impaired loans at December 31, 2022 were greater than 89 days past due.

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(in thousands)	Past Due and Non-Accrual
	30 - 59		60 - 89		Greater than					Total past		Purchased
	Days		Days		89 Days					due and		Credit				Total
September 30, 2022	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Non-accrual			Non-accrual		Impaired⁽²⁾		Current		Loans
Residential real estate	$	961	$	351	$	—	$	3,151	(1)	$	4,463	$	—	$	511,795	$	516,258
Multi-family		—		—		—		2,348			2,348		—		572,713		575,061
Commercial real estate		936		—		—		5,875			6,811		602		465,571		472,984
Commercial and industrial		539		161		—		907			1,607		629		44,049		46,285
Construction and land development		—		—		—		—			—		—		12,907		12,907
Consumer		—		—		—		—			—		—		36		36
Total	$	2,436	$	512	$	—	$	12,281		$	15,229	$	1,231	$	1,607,071	$	1,623,531

(1)	Of the residential real estate non-accrual loans, $1,227 were not past due and $1,924 were greater than 89 days past due.

(2)	Purchased credit impaired loans at September 30, 2022 were greater than 89 days past due.

Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are loan modifications where the Company has granted a concession to a borrower in financial difficulty. To assess whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed to determine if that borrower is currently in payment default under any of its obligations or whether there is a probability that the borrower will be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company had a recorded investment in TDRs totaling $1.8 million and $2.3 million, consisting solely of residential real estate loans with no specific reserves allocated to such loans and no commitment to lend additional funds under those loans, at either December 31, 2022 or September 30, 2022.

For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months of restructuring. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under its modified terms. For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no new TDRs.

The Company continuously monitors the credit quality of its loan receivables. Credit quality is monitored by reviewing certain credit quality indicators. Management has determined that internally assigned credit risk ratings by loan segment are the key credit quality indicators that best assist management in monitoring the credit quality of the Company’s loan receivables.

The Company has adopted a credit risk rating system as part of the risk assessment of its loan portfolio. The Company’s lending officers are required to assign a credit risk rating to each loan in their portfolio at origination. When the lender learns of important financial developments, the risk rating is reviewed and adjusted if necessary. In addition, the Company engages a third-party independent loan reviewer that performs quarterly reviews of a sample of loans, validating the credit risk ratings assigned to such loans. The credit risk ratings play an important role in the establishment of the loan loss provision and to confirm the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses.

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention: The loan has potential weaknesses that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date.

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Substandard: The loan is inadequately protected by current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as Substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: The loan has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing factors, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not having a credit risk rating of Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful are considered pass loans.

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company’s loan portfolio by credit risk rating disaggregated by portfolio segment were as follows:


	December 31, 2022
			Special
(in thousands)	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Real Estate:
Residential	$	574,045	$	511	$	1,963	$	—	$	576,519
Multi-family		586,605		—		3,925		—		590,530
Commercial		502,949		6,716		8,290		—		517,955
Commercial and industrial		44,426		540		1,196		—		46,162
Construction and land development		12,996		2,491		—		—		15,487
Consumer		157		—		—		—		157
Total	$	1,721,178	$	10,258	$	15,374	$	—	$	1,746,810


	September 30, 2022
			Special
(in thousands)	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Real Estate:
Residential	$	512,595	$	512	$	3,151	$	—	$	516,258
Multi-family		571,128		—		3,933		—		575,061
Commercial		453,321		8,085		11,578		—		472,984
Commercial and industrial		43,314		540		2,431		—		46,285
Construction and land development		10,499		2,408		—		—		12,907
Consumer		36		—		—		—		36
Total	$	1,590,893	$	11,545	$	21,093	$	—	$	1,623,531

5. EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company’s 2021 and 2018 Equity Compensation Plans (the “2021 Plan” and the “2018 Plan,” respectively), provide for the grant of stock-based compensation awards to members of management, including employees and management officials, and members of the Board. Under the 2021 Plan, a total of 427,500 shares of the Company’s common stock or equivalents were approved for issuance, of which 284,472 shares remain available for issuance at December 31, 2022. Of the total 346,000 shares of common stock approved for issuance under the 2018 Plan, 33,935 shares remain available for issuance at December 31, 2022.

Stock Options

Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant, and generally with vesting periods of three years and contractual terms of ten years. All stock options fully vest upon a change in control.

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The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using a closed form option valuation (Black-Scholes) model. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatilities of the common stock of the Company’s peers. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and post-vesting termination behavior. Expected terms are based on historical data and represent the periods in which the options are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

There were 10,614 stock options exercised during the three months ended December 31, 2022. No stock options were exercised during the three months ended December 31, 2021.

A summary of stock option activity follows (aggregate intrinsic value in thousands):


						Weighted
		Weighted				Average
		Average		Aggregate		Remaining
	Number of	Exercise		Intrinsic		Contractual
	Options	Price		Value		Term
Outstanding, October 1, 2022	227,406	$	9.50	$	2,298	2.45 years
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(10,614)		10.00
Forfeited	—		—
Outstanding, December 31, 2022 ⁽¹⁾	216,792	$	9.48	$	2,365	2.28 years

(1)	All outstanding options are fully vested and exercisable.

The following table presents information related to the stock option plan for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$	103	$	—
Cash received from option exercises		106		—
Tax benefit from option exercises		36		—
Weighted average fair value of options granted		—		—

There was no compensation expense attributable to stock options for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Restricted Stock Awards

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, restricted stock awards of 3,000 shares were granted with a five-year vesting period. Compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period of the awards based on the fair value of the stock at issue date.

A summary of restricted stock awards activity follows:


		Weighted-Average
	Number of	Grant Date Fair
	Shares	Value
Unvested, October 1, 2022	284,263	$	19.78
Granted	3,000		20.11
Vested	(2,334)		21.85
Forfeited	—		—
Unvested, December 31, 2022	284,929	$	19.77

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Compensation expense attributable to restricted stock awards was $388 thousand and $217 thousand for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was $4.4 million of total unrealized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock, expected to be recognized over a weighted-average term of 3.75 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $48 thousand and $49 thousand, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Long Term Incentive Plan

Restricted stock units (RSUs) represent an obligation to deliver shares to a grantee at a future date if certain vesting conditions are met. RSUs are subject to a time-based vesting schedule, and/or the satisfaction of performance conditions, and are settled in shares of the Company's common stock. RSUs do not provide voting rights and RSUs may accrue dividends from the date of grant.

The following table summarizes the unvested performance-based RSU activity for the three months ended December 31, 2022:


		Weighted-Average
	Number of	Grant Date Fair
	Shares	Value
Unvested, October 1, 2022	47,676	$	19.73
Granted	—		—
Vested	—		—
Forfeited	—		—
Unvested, December 31, 2022	47,676	$	19.73

No RSUs were granted during the three months ended December 31, 2022. Performance-based RSUs granted in 2022 cliff vest after three years and are subject to the achievement of the Company's pre-defined performance goals for the three-year period ending December 31, 2024.

Compensation expense attributable to RSUs was $51 thousand for the three months ended December 31, 2022. There was no compensation expense related to RSUs for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as no RSUs were granted in 2021. As of December 31, 2022, there was $656 thousand of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.14 years.

6. REGULATORY MATTERS

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. The net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes that as of December 31, 2022, the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized or worse, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution’s category.

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Under a policy of the Federal Reserve applicable to bank holding companies with less than $3.0 billion in consolidated assets, the Company is not subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements.

The following table sets forth the Bank’s actual and required capital amounts (in thousands) and ratios under current regulations:


									Minimum Capital				Minimum to Be Well
									Adequacy Requirement				Capitalized Under
					Minimum Capital				with Capital				Prompt Corrective
	Actual Capital				Adequacy Requirement				Conservation Buffer				Action Provisions
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
December 31, 2022
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	$	197,510	15.30	%	$	103,290	8.00	%	$	135,568	10.50	%	$	129,113	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		182,934	14.17	%		77,468	6.00	%		109,746	8.50	%		103,290	8.00	%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		182,934	14.17	%		58,101	4.50	%		90,379	7.00	%		83,923	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to average total assets		182,934	10.34	%		70,762	4.00	%		N/A	N/A			88,452	5.00	%

September 30, 2022
Total capital to risk-weighted assets	$	191,355	16.32	%	$	93,796	8.00	%	$	123,107	10.50	%	$	117,245	10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		178,340	15.21	%		70,347	6.00	%		99,658	8.50	%		93,796	8.00	%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets		178,340	15.21	%		52,760	4.50	%		82,071	7.00	%		76,209	6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to average total assets		178,340	10.90	%		65,429	4.00	%		N/A	N/A			81,786	5.00	%

Dividend restrictions - The Company’s principal source of funds for dividend and debt service payments is dividends received from the Bank. During the three months ended December 31, 2022 the Bank paid $1.5 million in cash dividends to the Holding Company. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank had $42.2 million of retained net income available for dividends to the Company, without obtaining regulatory approval.

7. FAIR VALUE

FASB ASC No. 820-10 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined using quoted market prices. However, in many instances, quoted market prices are not available. In such instances, fair values are determined using appropriate valuation techniques. Various assumptions and observable inputs must be relied upon in applying these techniques. Accordingly, categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As such, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate transfer of the respective asset or liability.

FASB ASC 820-10 also establishes a fair value hierarchy and describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values: The three levels within the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

●

Level 1: Valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.

●

Level 2: Fair value is calculated using significant inputs other than quoted market prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. The valuation may rely on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, rate volatility, prepayment speeds, credit ratings,) or inputs that are derived principally or corroborated by market data, by correlation, or other means.

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●

Level 3: Inputs for determining the fair value of the respective assets or liabilities are not observable. Level 3 valuations are reliant upon pricing models and techniques that require significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following presents fair value measurements on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022:


	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices In				Significant
			Active Markets		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Carrying		for Identical Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	Amount		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	248	$	—	$	248	$	—
Corporate bonds		11,903		—		10,703		1,200
Loan servicing rights		4,402		—		—		4,402
Total	$	16,553	$	—	$	10,951	$	5,602


	September 30, 2022
			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices In
			Active Markets				Significant
			for Identical		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Carrying		Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs
(In thousands)	Amount		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. GSE residential mortgage-backed securities	$	242	$	—	$	242	$	—
Corporate bonds		12,043		—		12,043		—
Loan servicing rights		4,353		—		—		4,353
Total	$	16,638	$	—	$	12,285	$	4,353

The fair value for the securities available-for-sale were obtained from an independent broker based upon matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. The Company has determined these are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

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The fair value of mortgage servicing rights are based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future servicing income. The valuation model utilizes interest rate, prepayment speed, and default rate assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. The fair value of loan servicing rights related to residential mortgage loans at December 31, 2022 was determined based on discounted expected future cash flows using discount rates ranging from 12.0% to 14.5%, a prepayment speed of 26.25% and a weighted average life ranging from 1.07 to 2.96 years. Fair value at September 30, 2022 for loan servicing rights was determined based on discounted expected future cash flows using discount rates ranging from 12.0% to 14.5%, prepayment speed of 26.25% and a weighted average life ranging from 1.2 to 3.0 years.

The fair value of loan servicing rights for SBA loans at December 31, 2022 was determined based on discounted expected future cash flows using discount rates ranging from 11.14% to 39.17%, prepayment speeds ranging from 8.21% to 26.84% and a weighted average life ranging from 1.39 to 5.74 years. The fair value of loan servicing rights for SBA loans at September 30, 2022 was determined based on discounted expected future cash flows using discount rates ranging from 5.78% to 26.72%, prepayment speeds ranging from 8.42% to 24.00% and a weighted average life ranging from 1.47 to 5.79 years.

The Company has determined these are mostly unobservable inputs and considers them Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

The following table presents the changes in mortgage servicing rights for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Balance at beginning of period	$	4,353	$	3,690
Additions		136		168
Adjustment to fair value		(87)		(117)
Balance at end of period	$	4,402	$	3,741

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

The Company had no financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. The Company’s impaired loans had no related specific allowances recorded at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.

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Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The following presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022:


	December 31, 2022
			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices In
			Active Markets				Significant
			for Identical		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Carrying		Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs		Total Fair
(In thousands)	Amount		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	152,298	$	152,298	$	—	$	—	$	152,298
Securities held-to-maturity		4,336		—		4,066		—		4,066
Loans, net		1,732,406		—		—		1,690,495		1,690,495
Accrued interest receivable		9,530		—		301		9,229		9,530

Financial liabilities:
Time deposits		389,256		—		379,490		—		379,490
Demand and other deposits		1,128,394		1,128,394		—		—		1,128,394
Borrowings		238,273		—		236,673		—		236,673
Subordinated debentures		24,581		—		25,216		—		25,216
Accrued interest payable		842		41		801		—		842


	September 30, 2022
			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices In
			Active Markets				Significant
			for Identical		Significant Other		Unobservable
	Carrying		Assets		Observable Inputs		Inputs		Total Fair
(In thousands)	Amount		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	149,947	$	149,947	$	—	$	—	$	149,947
Securities held-to-maturity		4,414		—		4,095		—		4,095
Loans, net		1,610,687		—		—		1,564,991		1,564,991
Accrued interest receivable		8,546		—		219		8,327		8,546

Financial liabilities:
Time deposits		339,073		—		328,964		—		328,964
Demand and other deposits		1,189,033		1,189,033		—		—		1,189,033
Borrowings		101,752		—		99,597		—		99,597
Subordinated debentures		24,568		—		24,199		—		24,199
Accrued interest payable		915		1		914		—		915

8. LOSS CONTINGENCIES

Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of a loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company’s management does not believe there are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

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9. BORROWINGS

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Advances

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, FHLB term borrowings outstanding were $37.8 million, all of which were fixed rate.

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company had $187.0 million and $55.0 million in FHLB overnight borrowings outstanding at a rate of 4.61% and 3.29%, respectively.

Each advance is payable at its maturity date, with a prepayment penalty for fixed rate advances. The advances were collateralized by residential and commercial mortgage loans under a blanket lien arrangement at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. Based on this collateral and the Company’s holdings of FHLB stock, the Company was eligible to borrow up to an additional total of $199.1 million at December 31, 2022.

The following table sets forth the contractual maturities and weighted average interest rates of the Company’s fixed rate FHLB advances (in thousands):


	Balance at December 31,
	2022
			Weighted
Contractual Maturity	Amount		Average Rate
Overnight	$	187,000	4.61	%

2023, rates from 0.37% to 2.96%		11,815	2.23	%
2024, rates from 0.39% to 2.53%		18,860	0.98	%
2025, rates from 0.56% to 0.59%		7,080	0.58	%
Total term advances		37,755	1.30	%
Total FHLB advances	$	224,755	4.05	%


	Balance at September 30,
	2022
			Weighted
Contractual Maturity	Amount		Average Rate
Overnight	$	55,000	3.29	%

2023, rates from 0.37% to 2.96%		11,860	2.23	%
2024, rates from 0.39% to 2.53%		18,860	0.98	%
2025, rates from 0.56% to 0.59%		7,080	0.58	%
Total term advances		37,800	1.30	%
Total FHLB advances	$	92,800	2.48	%

Federal Reserve Borrowings

At December 31 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company’s borrowings from the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (“PPPLF”) were $8.5 million and $9.0 million, respectively. The borrowings have a rate of 0.35% and the maturity date will equal the maturity date of the underlying PPP loan pledged to secure the extension of credit. The maturity date of a PPP loan is either two or five years from origination date. The Company utilized the PPPLF to fund PPP loan production. The borrowings are fully secured by pledged PPP loans as of December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022.

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Correspondent Bank Borrowings

At December 31, 2022, approximately $60 million in unsecured lines of credit extended by correspondent banks were available to be utilized for short-term funding purposes. The Company has $5.0 million in borrowings outstanding under lines of credit with correspondent banks at December 31, 2022 and zero at September 30, 2022.

10. SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

In October 2020, the Company completed the private placement of $25.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2030 (the “Notes”) to certain qualified institutional buyers and accredited investors. The Notes bear interest, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 5.00% per annum, until October 15, 2025. From and including October 15, 2025 through maturity, the interest rate applicable to the outstanding principal amount due will reset quarterly to the then current three-month secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus 487.4 basis points. The Company may, at its option, beginning with the interest payment date of October 15, 2025, but not generally prior thereto, and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter, redeem the Notes, in whole or in part, subject to the receipt of any required regulatory approval. The Notes are not subject to redemption at the option of the holder. The portion of the proceeds of these subordinated notes contributed to the Bank are included as a component of the Bank’s Tier 1 capital for regulatory reporting.

At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the unamortized issuance costs of the Notes were $0.4 million. For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, $21 thousand in issuance costs were recorded in interest expense. The Notes are presented net of unamortized issuance costs in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

11. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME

The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component, net of tax, for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Unrealized Gains and
	Losses on Available-
	for-Sale Debt
(in thousands)	Securities
Balance at October 1, 2022	$	(620)
Other comprehensive loss		(95)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(715)



	Unrealized Gains and
	Losses on Available-
	for-Sale Debt
(in thousands)	Securities
Balance at October 1, 2021	$	256
Other comprehensive income		54
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	310

There were no significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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ITEM 2. - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements - This document contains a number of forward-looking statements, including statements about the financial condition, results of operations, earnings outlook and prospects of the Company. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “should,” “likely,” “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “target,” “project,” “goal” and other similar words and expressions. The forward-looking statements involve certain risks and uncertainties. The ability of the Company to predict results or the actual effects of its plans and strategies is subject to inherent uncertainty.

Factors that may cause actual results or earnings to differ materially from such forward-looking statements include those set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, as updated by the Company’s subsequent filings with the SEC and, among others, the following:

●

Changes in monetary and fiscal policies of the FRB and the U. S. Government, particularly related to changes in interest rates and inflation, may affect interest margins and the fair value of financial instruments;

●

Changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected;

●

The ability to enhance revenue through increased market penetration, expanded lending capacity and product offerings;

●

Occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, pandemics such as COVID-19, or outbreaks of hostilities, such as between Russia and Ukraine, or the effects of climate change, and the ability of the Company to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;

●

The effects of COVID-19, including, but not limited to, the length of time that the pandemic continues, the development of new variants of the virus and their impact, the potential future imposition of further restrictions on travel, the measures adopted by federal, state and local governments, the health of employees and the potential inability of employees to work due to illness, quarantine or government mandates, the business continuity plans of customers and vendors, the increased likelihood of cybersecurity risk, data breaches, or fraud due to employees working from home, the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and the effect of the pandemic on the general economy and businesses of borrowers;

●

Legislative, regulatory or policy changes;

●

Downturns in demand for loan, deposit and other financial services in the Company’s market area;

●

Increased competition from other banks and non-bank providers of financial services;

●

Technological changes and increased technology-related costs; and

●

Changes in accounting principles, or the application of generally accepted accounting principles.

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Because these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date of this document or the date of any document incorporated by reference in this document. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning matters addressed in this document and attributable to the Company or any person acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this document. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, the Company undertakes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this document or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Non-GAAP Disclosure - This discussion includes discussions of the Company’s tangible common equity (“TCE”) ratio, tangible common equity and tangible assets, non-GAAP financial measures. A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of historical or future financial performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes or modifies amounts that are required to be disclosed in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide both management and investors a more complete understanding of the underlying operational results and trends and the Company’s marketplace performance. The presentation of this additional information is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the numbers prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other financial institutions.

With respect to the calculations and reconciliations of tangible common equity, tangible assets and the TCE ratio, please see Liquidity and Capital Resources contained herein for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Executive Summary – The Company is a one-bank holding company incorporated in 2016. The Company operates as the parent for its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank, which commenced operations in 2008. The income of the Company is primarily derived through the operations of the Bank. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to the Company include the Company and the Bank on a consolidated basis.

The Bank operates as a locally headquartered, community-oriented bank, serving customers throughout the New York metro area from offices in Nassau, Queens, Kings (Brooklyn) and New York (Manhattan) Counties, New York and Freehold in Monmouth County, New Jersey. We also expect to open an office in Hauppauge, Suffolk County, New York in early 2023. We principally focus our lending activities on loans that we originate to borrowers located in our market areas. With a passion for excellence in our approach to products, services, and solutions, we strive to create a first-class banking experience that exceeds our clients’ expectations, shows our employees they are our greatest resource, positively impacts the communities we serve and inspires the confidence of our shareholders and stakeholders. We offer personal and commercial business loans on a secured and unsecured basis, SBA and USDA guaranteed loans, revolving lines of credit, commercial mortgage loans, and one- to four-family non-qualified mortgages secured by primary and secondary residences that may be owner occupied or investment properties, home equity loans, bridge loans and other personal purpose loans.

The Bank works to provide more direct, personal attention than management believes is offered by competing financial institutions, the majority of which are branch offices of banks headquartered outside of the Bank’s primary trade area. By striving to employ professional, responsive and knowledgeable staff, the Bank believes it offers a superior level of service to its customers. As a result of senior management’s availability for consultation on a daily basis, the Bank believes it offers customers a quicker response on loan applications and other banking transactions, as well as greater certainty that these transactions will actually close, than competitors, whose decisions may be made in distant headquarters.

The Bank has historically been able to generate additional income by strategically originating and selling its primary lending products to other financial institutions at premiums. In December 2021, the SBA approved the Bank’s application to process loans under the SBA’s Preferred Lender Program, enabling the Bank to process SBA applications under delegated authority from the SBA and enhancing the Bank’s ability to compete more effectively for SBA lending opportunities. The Bank expects that it will continue to originate loans, for its own portfolio and for sale, which will result in continued growth in interest income while also realizing gains on the sale of loans to others.

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The Bank finances most of its activities through a combination of deposits, including non-interest-bearing demand, savings, NOW and money market deposits as well as time deposits, and both short- and long-term borrowings. The Company’s chief competition includes local banks within its market area, New York City money center banks and regional banks, as well as non-bank lenders, including fintech lenders.

Financial Performance Summary

As of or for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)


	Three months ended
	December 31,
	2022			2021
Revenue ⁽¹⁾	$	16,675		$	17,644
Non-interest expense		8,271			8,264
Provision for loan losses		1,500			900
Net income		5,338			6,537
Net income per share - diluted		0.72			1.16
Return on average assets		1.18	%		1.80	%
Return on average stockholders' equity ⁽²⁾		12.04	%		20.52	%
Tier 1 leverage ratio		10.34	%		9.92	%
Common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		14.17	%		14.44	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio		14.17	%		14.44	%
Total risk-based capital ratio		15.30	%		15.52	%
Tangible common equity ratio (non-GAAP) ⁽²⁾		8.05	%		7.63	%
Total stockholders' equity/total assets⁽³⁾		8.95	%		8.87	%

(1)	Represents net interest income plus total non-interest income.

(2)	Includes common stock and Series A preferred stock for the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

(3)	The ratio of total stockholders’ equity to total assets is the most comparable GAAP measure to the non-GAAP tangible common equity ratio presented herein.

At December 31, 2022 the Company, on a consolidated basis, had total assets of $2.0 billion, total deposits of $1.5 billion and total stockholders’ equity of $177.6 million. The Company recorded net income of $5.3 million, or $0.72 per diluted share (includes Series A preferred shares), for the three months ended December 31, 2022 compared to net income of $6.5 million, or $1.16 per diluted share, for the same period in 2021.

The $1.2 million decrease in earnings for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus the comparable 2021 period was primarily due to a $1.0 million decrease in non-interest income coupled with a $600 thousand increase in the provision for loan losses expense due to growth in the loan portfolio in the quarter ended December 31, 2022.

The Company’s return on average assets and return on average stockholders’ equity were 1.18% and 12.04%, respectively, for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus 1.80% and 20.52%, respectively, for the comparable 2021 period.

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Total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2022 were $10.6 million, or 0.61% of total loans, compared to $12.3 million, or 0.76% of total loans at September 30, 2022 and $6.1 million, or 0.48% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total non-accrual loans amounted to 136%, 105% and 153% at December 31, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The Company’s operating efficiency ratio was 49.6% for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus 46.8% a year ago. The increase in the operating efficiency ratio was due to a $1.0 million decrease in non-interest income (primarily gain on sale of loans held-for-sale).

Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates - To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, the Company’s management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. Critical accounting estimates are accounting estimates where (a) the nature of the estimate is material due to levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and (b) the impact of the estimate on financial condition or operating performance is material.

The Company considers the determination of the allowance for loan losses its most critical accounting policy, practice and use of estimates. The Company uses available information to recognize probable and reasonably estimable losses on loans. Future additions to the allowance may be necessary based upon changes in economic, market or other conditions. Changes in estimates could result in a material change in the allowance. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses charged against income and is decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loan losses are recognized in the period the loans, or portion thereof, are deemed uncollectible. The adequacy of the allowance to cover any inherent loan losses in the portfolio is evaluated on a quarterly basis.

Financial Condition – Total assets of the Company were $2.0 billion at December 31, 2022 versus $1.8 billion at September 30, 2022. Total loans at December 31, 2022 were $1.7 billion, compared to total loans of $1.6 billion at September 30, 2022. Total deposits were $1.5 billion at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. Total borrowings and subordinated debt at December 31, 2022 were $262.9 million, including $224.8 million of outstanding FHLB advances, compared to $126.3 million at September 30, 2022.

For the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company’s loan portfolio, net of sales, grew by $123.3 million to $1.7 billion. At December 31, 2022, the residential loan portfolio amounted to $576.5 million, or 33.0% of total loans. Commercial real estate loans, including multi-family loans and construction and land development loans, continue to make up a greater proportion of our loan portfolio and totaled $1.1 billion or 64.3% of total loans at December 31, 2022. Commercial loans, including PPP loans, totaled $46.2 million or 2.6% of total loans.

Total deposits were $1.5 billion at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. Core deposit balances, which consist of demand, NOW, savings and money market deposits, represented 74.4% and 77.8% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively. At those dates, demand deposit balances represented 13.1% and 14.3% of total deposits. Beginning in late 2020, we began a municipal deposit program. The program is based upon relationships of our management team, rather than bid based transactions. At December 31, 2022, total municipal deposits were $383.6 million, representing 25.3% of total deposits, compared to $416.9 million at September 30, 2022, representing 27.3% of total deposits. The rate on the municipal deposit portfolio was 2.66% at December 31, 2022.

Borrowings at December 31, 2022 were $238.3 million, including $8.5 million in PPPLF funding, versus $101.8 million, including $9.0 million in PPPLF funding at September 30, 2022. PPPLF borrowings declined as borrowers had received forgiveness or have made payments on PPP loans. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $224.8 million of outstanding FHLB advances as compared to $92.8 million at September 30, 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources – Liquidity management is defined as both the Company’s and the Bank’s ability to meet their financial obligations on a continuous basis without material loss or disruption of normal operations. These obligations include the withdrawal of deposits on demand or at their contractual maturity, the repayment of borrowings as they mature, funding new and existing loan commitments and the ability to take advantage of business opportunities as they arise. Asset liquidity is provided by short-term investments, such as fed funds sold, the marketability of securities available for sale and interest-bearing deposits due from the Federal Reserve, FHLB and correspondent banks, which totaled $152.3 million and $150.0 million at December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, respectively. These liquid assets may include assets that have been pledged primarily against municipal deposits or borrowings. Liquidity is also provided by the maintenance of a base of core deposits, cash and non-interest-bearing deposits due from banks, the ability to sell or pledge marketable assets and access to lines of credit.

Liquidity is continuously monitored, thereby allowing management to better understand and react to emerging balance sheet trends, including temporary mismatches with regard to sources and uses of funds. After assessing actual and projected cash flow needs, management seeks to obtain funding at the most economical cost. These funds can be obtained by converting liquid assets to cash or by attracting new deposits or other sources of funding. Many factors affect the Company’s ability to meet liquidity needs, including variations in the markets served, loan demand, its asset/liability mix, its reputation and credit standing in its markets and general economic conditions. Borrowings and the scheduled amortization of investment securities and loans are more predictable funding sources. Deposit flows and securities prepayments are somewhat less predictable as they are often subject to external factors. Among these are changes in the local and national economies, competition from other financial institutions and changes in market interest rates.

The Company’s primary sources of funds are cash provided by deposits, which may include brokered and listing service deposits, and borrowings, proceeds from maturities and sales of securities and cash provided by operating activities. At December 31, 2022, total deposits were $1.5 billion, of which $210.3 million were time deposits scheduled to mature within the next 12 months. Based on historical experience, the Company expects to be able to replace a substantial portion of those maturing deposits with comparable deposit products. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, the Company had $238.3 million and $101.8 million, respectively, in borrowings used to fund the growth in the Company’s loan portfolio.

The Liquidity and Wholesale Funding Policy of the Bank establishes specific policies and operating procedures governing liquidity levels to assist management in developing plans to address future and current liquidity needs. Management monitors the rates and cash flows from the loan and investment portfolios while also examining the maturity structure and volatility characteristics of liabilities to develop an optimum asset/liability mix. Available funding sources include retail, commercial and municipal deposits, purchased liabilities and stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2022, the Bank had access to approximately $884.5 million in FHLB lines of credit for overnight or term borrowings, of which $406.8 million of municipal letters of credit, $187.0 million in overnight borrowings and $37.8 million in term borrowings were outstanding. At December 31, 2022, the Bank had access to approximately $65 million in unsecured lines of credit extended by correspondent banks, if needed, for short-term funding purposes. $5.0 million in overnight borrowings were outstanding under lines of credit with correspondent banks at December 31, 2022.

The Company strives to maintain an efficient level of capital, commensurate with its risk profile, on which a competitive rate of return to stockholders will be realized over both the short and long term. Capital is managed to enhance stockholder value while providing flexibility for management to act opportunistically in a changing marketplace. Management continually evaluates the Company’s capital position in light of current and future growth objectives and regulatory guidelines. Total stockholders’ equity increased to $177.6 million at December 31, 2022 from $172.6 million at September 30, 2022, primarily due to net income recorded during the three months ended December 31, 2022.

The Bank is subject to regulatory capital requirements. The Bank’s tier 1 leverage, common equity tier 1 risk-based, tier 1 risk-based and total risk-based capital ratios were 10.34%, 14.17%, 14.17% and 15.30%, respectively, at December 31, 2022, exceeding all the regulatory guidelines for a well-capitalized institution, the highest regulatory capital category. Moreover, capital rules also place limits on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if a banking organization does not maintain a buffer of common equity tier 1 capital above minimum capital requirements. At December 31, 2022, the Bank’s capital buffer was in excess of requirements.

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The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2022.

The Company’s total stockholders’ equity to total assets ratio and the Company’s tangible common equity to tangible assets ratio (“TCE ratio”) were 8.95% and 8.05%, respectively, at December 31, 2022 versus 9.38% and 8.41%, respectively, at September 30, 2022 and 8.87% and 7.63%, respectively, at December 31, 2021. The ratio of total stockholders’ equity to total assets is the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure to the non-GAAP TCE ratio presented herein. The ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets, or TCE ratio, is calculated by dividing total stockholders’ equity by total assets, after reducing both amounts by intangible assets. The TCE ratio is not required by U.S. GAAP or by applicable bank regulatory requirements, but is a metric used by management to evaluate the adequacy of our capital levels. Since there is no authoritative requirement to calculate the TCE ratio, our TCE ratio is not necessarily comparable to similar capital measures disclosed or used by other companies in the financial services industry. Tangible common equity and tangible assets are non-GAAP financial measures and should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Set forth below are the reconciliations of tangible common equity to U.S. GAAP total stockholders’ equity and tangible assets to U.S. GAAP total assets at December 31, 2022 (in thousands). (See also Non-GAAP Disclosure contained herein.)


						Ratios
Total stockholders' equity ⁽³⁾	$	177,628	Total assets	$	1,983,692	8.95%	⁽¹⁾
Less: goodwill		(19,168)	Less: goodwill		(19,168)
Less: core deposit intangible		(381)	Less: core deposit intangible		(381)
Tangible common equity ⁽³⁾	$	158,079	Tangible assets	$	1,964,143	8.05%	⁽²⁾

(1)	The ratio of total stockholders’ equity to total assets is the most comparable GAAP measure to the non-GAAP tangible common equity ratio presented herein.

(2)

TCE ratio

(3)	Includes common stock and Series A preferred stock.

All dividends must conform to applicable statutory requirements. The Company’s ability to pay dividends to stockholders depends on the Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company. Additionally, the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company is subject to certain regulatory restrictions. Under New York law, a bank may pay a dividend on its common stock only out of net profits, and must obtain the approval of the Superintendent of the DFS if the total of all dividends declared by a bank or trust company in any calendar year exceeds the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years, less any required transfer to surplus or a fund for the retirement of any preferred stock.

The Company’s Board of Directors approved the payment of a $0.10 per share cash dividend on both common and Series A preferred shares payable on February 14, 2023 to stockholders of record on February 7, 2023.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements - The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Bank evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Bank upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral required varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, real estate and income-producing commercial properties. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, commitments to originate loans and commitments under unused lines of credit for which the Bank is obligated amounted to approximately $78 million and $73 million, respectively.

Letters of credit are conditional commitments guaranteeing payments of drafts in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit agreements. Commercial letters of credit are used primarily to facilitate trade or commerce and are also issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, bond financing and similar transactions. Collateral may be required to support letters of credit based upon management’s evaluation of the creditworthiness of each customer. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. At December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022, letters of credit outstanding were approximately $817 thousand.

Results of Operations – Comparison of the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 – The Company recorded net income of $5.3 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus net income of $6.5 million in the comparable three month period a year ago. The decline in earnings for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus the comparable 2021 quarter resulted primarily from a $1.0 million or 40.6%, decrease in non-interest income, a $600 thousand increase in the provision for loan losses expense due to growth in the loan portfolio in the fourth calendar quarter of 2022 and a decrease in purchase accounting accretion. Gains on the sales of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans were lower than expected in the 2022 quarter due to various factors, including the sustained reduction in SBA premiums and loan closing delays due to borrower considerations.

Net Interest Income and Margin

Net interest income remained flat at $15.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022 and the comparable 2021 quarter due to the compression of the Company’s net interest margin to 3.49% in the 2022 quarter from 4.39% in the comparable 2021 quarter. The yield on interest earning assets increased to 5.17% in the 2022 quarter from 4.77% in the comparable 2021 quarter, an increase of 40 basis points, offset by a 160 basis point increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities to 2.08% in 2022 from 0.48% in the fourth calendar quarter of 2021. Included in net interest income was accretion and amortization of purchase accounting adjustments of $265 thousand during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and $1.6 million in the three months ended December 31, 2021 arising from the acquisition of Savoy Bank. Excluding these purchase accounting adjustments, the adjusted net interest margin was 3.43% and 3.90% in the quarter ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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NET INTEREST INCOME ANALYSIS

For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(dollars in thousands)


	2022						2021
	Average				Average		Average				Average
	Balance		Interest		Rate		Balance		Interest		Rate
Assets:
Interest-earning assets
Loans	$	1,681,460	$	21,979	5.19	%	$	1,253,827	$	16,381	5.18	%
Investment securities		16,509		212	5.09	%		15,634		155	3.93	%
Interest-earning cash		29,281		275	3.73	%		106,660		38	0.14	%
FHLB stock and other investments		6,489		106	6.48			5,252		42	3.17
Total interest-earning assets		1,733,739		22,572	5.17	%		1,381,373		16,616	4.77	%
Non interest-earning assets:
Cash and due from banks		10,614						8,264
Other assets		52,493						49,011
Total assets	$	1,796,846					$	1,438,648

Liabilities and stockholders' equity:
Interest-bearing liabilities
Savings, NOW and money market deposits	$	910,732	$	4,763	2.07	%	$	609,251	$	366	0.24	%
Time deposits		357,994		1,547	1.71	%		346,448		491	0.56	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,268,726		6,310	1.97	%		955,699		857	0.36	%
Fed funds purchased & FHLB & FRB advances		98,576		664	2.67			126,058		160	0.50
Subordinated debentures		24,573		334	5.39	%		24,499		330	5.34	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		1,391,875		7,308	2.08	%		1,106,256		1,347	0.48	%
Demand deposits		204,256						192,161
Other liabilities		24,793						13,834
Total liabilities		1,620,924						1,312,251
Stockholders' equity		175,922						126,397
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,796,846					$	1,438,648
Net interest income and interest rate spread					3.09	%					4.29	%
Net interest margin			$	15,264	3.49	%			$	15,269	4.39	%

Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company recorded a $1.5 million provision for loan losses expense for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus $900 thousand recorded for the comparable period in 2021. The adequacy of the provision and the resulting allowance for loan losses, which was $14.4 million at December 31, 2022, is determined by management’s ongoing review of the loan portfolio including, among other things, impaired loans, past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, existing adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay and estimated fair value of any underlying collateral securing loans. Moreover, management evaluates changes, if any, in underwriting standards, collection, charge-off and recovery practices, the nature or volume of the portfolio, lending staff, concentration of loans, as well as current economic conditions and other relevant factors. Management believes the allowance for loan losses is adequate to provide for probable and reasonably estimable losses at December 31, 2022. (See also Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates and Asset Quality contained herein.)

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Non-interest Income

Non-interest income decreased by $1.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus the comparable 2021 period. This decline was largely driven by the decrease in net gain on sale of loans. For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company sold loans totaling approximately $8.1 million and $35.2 million, respectively, recognizing net gains of $578 thousand and $1.5 million, respectively. Gains on the sales of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans were lower than expected in the 2022 quarter due to various factors, including the sustained reduction in SBA premiums and loan closing delays due to borrower considerations.

Non-Interest Income

For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(dollars in thousands)


	Three months ended
	December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Loan servicing and fee income	$	678	$	690
Service charges on deposit accounts		63		63
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale		578		1,492
Other income		92		130
Total non-interest income	$	1,411	$	2,375

Non-interest Expense

Total non-interest expense remained flat at $8.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus the comparable 2021 quarter. Salaries and benefits decreased by $607 thousand, offset by the increases in the remaining components of non-interest expense.

Non-Interest Expense

For the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

(dollars in thousands)


	Three months ended
	December 31,
(in thousands)	2022		2021
Salaries and employee benefits	$	4,332	$	4,939
Occupancy and equipment		1,477		1,413
Data processing		418		366
Advertising and promotion		150		33
Professional fees		683		499
Other expenses		1,211		1,014
Total non-interest expense	$	8,271	$	8,264

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.6 million for an effective tax rate of 22.7% for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus income tax expense of $1.9 million for an effective tax rate of 22.9% in the comparable 2021 period.

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Asset Quality - Total non-accrual loans at December 31, 2022 were $10.6 million, or 0.61% of total loans, compared to $12.3 million, or 0.76% of total loans at September 30, 2022 and $6.1 million, or 0.48% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. The allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total non-accrual loans amounted to 136%, 105% and 153% at December 31, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Total accruing loans delinquent 30 days or more, excluding purchased credit-impaired loans, amounted to $3.1 million, $2.9 million and $6.1 million at December 31, 2022, September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Total loans having credit risk ratings of Special Mention or Substandard were $25.6 million at December 31, 2022 versus $32.6 million at September 30, 2022. These were mainly from the acquired loan portfolio of Savoy. The acquired portfolio has a large component of SBA loans, which have been supported through the COVID-pandemic with assistance from the SBA. The high level of criticized loans in the Savoy portfolio results in part from a conservative view of these borrowers’ ability to perform once government assistance ends, as well as specific instances of borrowers seeking assistance/deferrals/modifications due to the impact to their business. The Company’s Special Mention and Substandard loans were comprised of residential real estate, multi-family, commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans (including SBA facilities) and contruction loans at December 31, 2022. The Company had no loans with a credit risk rating of Doubtful for the periods presented. All loans not having credit risk ratings of Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful are considered pass loans.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had $1.8 million in troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”), consisting of residential real estate loans. The Company had TDRs amounting to $2.3 million and $1.7 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, the Company’s allowance for loan losses amounted to $14.4 million or 0.82% of period-end total loans outstanding. The allowance as a percentage of loans outstanding was 0.79% at September 30, 2022 and 0.73% at December 31, 2021. The Company recorded net loan recoveries of $60 thousand during the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus net loan charge-offs of $92 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Company recorded net loan recoveries of $66 thousand during the three months ended December 31, 2021.

The Company recorded a $1.5 million provision for loan losses expense for the three months ended December 31, 2022 versus $900 thousand recorded for the comparable period in 2021. Adjustments to the Company’s loss experience is based on management’s evaluation of several environmental factors, including: changes in local, regional, national, and international economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; changes in the nature and volume of the Company’s portfolio and in the terms of the Company’s loans; changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans; changes in the quality of the Company’s loan review system; changes in lending policies, procedures and strategies; changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans; the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; and the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the Company’s existing portfolio.

Management has determined that the current level of the allowance for loan losses is adequate in relation to the probable and reasonably estimable losses present in the portfolio. While management uses available information to recognize probable and reasonably estimable losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary and management may need to record loan charge-offs in future periods. Changes in estimates could result in a material change in the allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. (See also Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates contained herein).

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ASSET QUALITY

December 31, 2022 versus September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021

(dollars in thousands)


	As of or for the three months ended
		12/31/2022			9/30/2022			12/31/2021
Non-accrual loans	$	10,596		$	12,281		$	6,115
Non-accrual loans held for sale		—			—			—
Loans greater than 90 days past due		1,202			1,231			2,501
Other real estate owned		—			—			—
Total non-performing assets ⁽¹⁾	$	11,798		$	13,512		$	8,616

Performing TDRs	$	1,901		$	2,370		$	455

Loans held for sale		—			—			—
Loans held for investment		1,746,810			1,623,531			1,277,434

Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	12,844		$	10,886		$	8,552
Provision		1,500			2,050			900
Charge-offs		—			(92)			(66)
Recoveries		60			—			—
Ending balance	$	14,404		$	12,844		$	9,386

Allowance for loan losses as a % of total loans ⁽²⁾		0.82	%		0.79	%		0.73	%

Allowance for loan losses as a % of non-accrual loans⁽²⁾		136	%		105	%		153	%

Non-accrual loans as a % of total loans ⁽²⁾		0.61	%		0.76	%		0.48	%

Non-performing assets as a % of total loans, loans held for sale and other real estate owned		0.68	%		0.83	%		0.67	%

Non-performing assets as a % of total assets		0.59	%		0.73	%		0.59	%

Non-performing assets and performing TDRs, to total loans held for sale and investment		0.78	%		0.98	%		0.71	%

(1)	Non-performing assets defined as non-accrual loans, non-accrual loans held for sale, loans greater than 90 days past due and other real estate owned.

(2)	Excludes loans held for sale.

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ITEM 3. - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The Company originates and invests in interest-earning assets and solicits interest-bearing deposit accounts. The Company’s operations are subject to market risk resulting from fluctuations in interest rates to the extent that there is a difference between the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities that are prepaid, withdrawn, matured or repriced in any given period of time. The Company’s earnings or the net value of its portfolio will change under different interest rate scenarios. The principal objective of the Company’s asset/liability management program is to maximize net interest income within an acceptable range of overall risk, including both the effect of changes in interest rates and liquidity risk.

The following presents the Company’s economic value of equity (“EVE”) and net interest income (“NII”) sensitivities at December 31,2022 (dollars in thousands). The results are within the Company’s policy limits.


At December 31, 2022
Interest Rates	Estimated		Estimated Change in EVE			Interest Rates	Estimated		Estimated Change in NII⁽¹⁾

(basis points)	EVE		Amount		%	(basis points)	NII⁽¹⁾		Amount		%
+400	$	83,998	$	(108,110)	(56.3)	+400	$	42,050	$	(14,679)	(25.9)
+300		108,935		(83,173)	(43.3)	+300		45,758		(10,971)	(19.3)
+200		135,313		(56,795)	(29.6)	+200		49,519		(7,210)	(12.7)
+100		164,460		(27,648)	(14.4)	+100		53,225		(3,504)	(6.2)
0		192,108				0		56,729
-100		215,450		23,342	12.2	-100		60,041		3,312	5.8

(1)	Assumes 12 month time horizon.

ITEM 4. – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule l3a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Based on this evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information required to be included in the Company’s periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. There have been no significant changes in the Company’s internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls subsequent to the date the Company carried out its evaluation.

There were no changes to the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act that occurred during the Company’s last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II

ITEM 1. - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is not subject to any legal proceedings, which could have a materially adverse impact on its results of operations and financial condition.

ITEM 1A. – RISK FACTORS

There have been no changes to the risks disclosed in the “Risk Factors” section of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ITEM 2. – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. – OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

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ITEM 6. – EXHIBITS


3.1		Bylaws of Hanover Bancorp, Inc. (1)

3.2		Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation designation the of Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock filed with the New York Secretary of State on October 25, 2022 (2)

10.1		Retirement and Transition Agreement with Brian K. Finneran (3)

31.1		Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

(1)

Incoprorated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 31, 2022

(2)

Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 31, 2022

(3)

Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 17, 2022

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	HANOVER BANCORP, INC.

Dated: February 13, 2023	/s/ Michael P. Puorro
	Michael P. Puorro
	Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
	(principal executive officer)

Dated: February 13, 2023	/s/ Lance P. Burke
	Lance P. Burke
	Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
	(principal financial and accounting officer)

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) OR 15D-14(A) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Michael P. Puorro, certify that:

I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Hanover Bancorp, Inc.;

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Dated: February 13, 2023
/s/ Michael P. Puorro
Michael P. Puorro
Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULE 13A-14(A) OR 15D-14(A) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Lance P. Burke, certify that:

I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Hanover Bancorp, Inc.;

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Dated: February 13, 2023
/s/ Lance P. Burke
Lance P. Burke
Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Michael P. Puorro, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of Hanover Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: (1) the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Dated: February 13, 2023
/s/ Michael P. Puorro
Michael P. Puorro
Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Lance P. Burke, Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer of Hanover Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: (1) the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Dated: February 13, 2023
/s/ Lance P. Burke
Lance P. Burke
Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)